Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Dhamaniya, Ashish
- Analysis of the Determinants of Service Headway Variability at Tollbooths Under Mixed Traffic Scenario in Emerging Countries
Abstract Views :177 |
PDF Views:86
Authors
Yogeshwar V. Navandar
1,
Chintaman Santosh Bari
2,
Ashish Dhamaniya
2,
Shriniwas S. Arkatkar
2,
D. A. Patel
2
Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Campus P. O., Kozhikode 673 601, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, IN
1 Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Campus P. O., Kozhikode 673 601, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 121, No 1 (2021), Pagination: 148-160Abstract
This study makes an effort to model service-headway distribution at manually operated toll plazas (MTC) under mixed traffic conditions. To identify the most suitable probability distribution among the selected candidate distributions, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Ander-son–Darling, and chi-squared tests were performed. It was found that the generalized extreme value (GEV) was the most suited distribution for modelling service-headway distribution at tollbooths. The results show that GEV distribution parameters can capture possi-ble variations in service headway at tollbooths under MTC reasonably well. The study results can also be used for capacity and level-of-service estimation and the development of warrants for converting MTC to electronic lanes.Keywords
Generalized Extreme Value, Mixed Traffic Conditions, Probability Distribution, Service Headway, Shape Factor, Tollbooth.Full Text
References
- Al-Ghamdi, A. S., Analysis of time headways on urban roads: a case study from Riyadh. J. Transp. Syst. ASCE, 2001, 127, 289–294.
- Arasan, V. and Koshi, R., Headway distribution of heterogeneous traffic on urban arterials. J. Inst. Eng., 2003, 84, 210–215.
- Chandra, S. and Kumar, R., Headway modeling under mixed traffic on urban roads. Road Transp. Res., 2001, 10, 61–79.
- Dey, P. P. and Chandra, S., Desired time gap and time headway in steady-state car-following on two-lane roads. J. Transp. Eng., 2009, 135, 687–693.
- Katti, B. and Pathak, R., A study on headway distribution models for the urban road sections under mixed traffic conditions. Highway Research Bulletin 26, Indian Roads Congress. New Delhi, 1985, pp. 1–31.
- Ramanayya, T., Highway capacity under mixed traffic conditions. Traf. Eng. Control, 1988, 29, 284–287.
- Rossi, R., Gastaldi, M. and Pascucci, F., Gamma-GQM time headway model: endogenous effects in rural two-lane two-way roads. Proc. – Soc. Behav. Sci., 2014, 111, 859–868.
- Panichpapiboon, S., Time-headway distributions on an expressway: case of Bangkok. J. Transp. Eng. ASCE, 2015, 141, 1–8.
- Yun, M. and Huang, L., Distribution characteristics of headway at weaving section of signalized intersection upstream. International Conference on Transportation Engineering, ASCE, 2015, 1346– 1353.
- Tan, J., Li, L., Li, Z. and Zhang, Y., Distribution models for start-up lost time and effective departure flow rate. Transp. Res. Part A, 2013, 51, 1–11.
- Woo, H. T. and Hoel, L. A., Toll plaza capacity and level of service. Transp. Res. Rec.: J. Transp. Res. Board, 1991, 1320, 119–127.
- Zarrillo, M. L. and Radwan, A. E., Methodology SHAKER and the capacity analysis of five toll plazas. J. Transp. Eng. ASCE, 2009, 135, 83–93.
- Osborne, R. P., Implementing Toll Plaza Analysis into Freeplan, University of Florida, USA, 2012.
- Liu, X., Yun, M. and Yang, X., Lane capacity estimation and level of service evaluation for freeway toll plazas based on transaction data. In 97th TRB Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, USA, 2018, pp. 1–8.
- Navandar, Y. V., Dhamaniya, A., Patel, D. A. and Chandra, S., Traffic flow analysis at manual tollbooth operation under mixed traffic conditions. J. Transp. Eng. Part A, ASCE, 2019, 145(6), 1–17.
- Jang, J., Park, C., Kim, B. and Choi, N., Modeling of time headway distribution on suburban arterial: case study from South Korea. Procedia – Soc. Behav. Sci., 2011, 16, 240–247.
- Zhang, G., Wang, Y., Wei, H. and Chen, Y., Examining headway distribution models with urban freeway loop event data. Transp. Res. Rec.: J. Transp. Res. Board, 2007, 1999, 141–149.
- Chen, D. and Xiaozheng, H., An evaluation method for toll policy in transportation. International Conference on E-Business and E-Government, 2010, pp. 618–621.
- Riccardo, R. and Massimiliano, G., An empirical analysis of vehicle time headways on rural two-lane two-way roads. Procedia. – Soc. Behav. Sci., 2012, 54, 865–874.
- Dubey, S. K., Ponnu, B. and Arkatkar, S. S., Time gap modeling using mixture distributions under mixed traffic conditions. J. Transp. Syst. Eng. Inf. Technol., 2013, 12, 72–84.
- Zhang, G. and Wang, Y., A Gaussian kernel-based approach for modeling vehicle headway distributions. Transp. Sci., 2013, 48, 206–216.
- Dong, S., Wang, H., Hurwitz, D., Zhang, G. and Shi, J., Nonparametric modeling of vehicle-type-specific headway distribution in freeway work zones. J. Transp. Eng. ASCE, 2015, 141, 05015004.
- Kumar, P., Arkatkar, S. and Joshi, G., Examining traffic flow parameters at merging section on high-speed urban roads in India. Curr. Sci., 2019, 117, 94–103.
- Mondal, S. and Gupta, A., Assessment of vehicles headway during queue dissipation at signal-controlled intersection under mixed traffic. Curr. Sci., 2019, 116, 437–444.
- Mathwave, EasyFit Software Manual, Version 5.4, 2010; https://www.mathwave.com/downloads.
- Mahapatra, G. and Maurya, A. K., Dynamic parameters of vehicles under heterogeneous traffic stream with non-lane discipline: an experimental study. J. Traff. Transp. Eng. (English Ed.), 2018, 5, 386–405.
- Espinoza Mondragón, J., Jiménez García, J. A., Medina Flores, J. M., Vázquez López, J. A. and Téllez Vázquez, S., Experiments simulation and design to set traffic lights’ operation rules. Transp. Policy, 2018, 67, 2–12.
- Khraibani, R., de Palma, A., Picard, N. and Kaysi, I., A new evaluation and decision making framework investigating the eliminationby-aspects model in the context of transportation projects’ investment choices. Transp. Policy, 2016, 48, 67–81.
- Ghasemi, S. H., Jalayer, M., Mahdi, P.-R., Nowak, A. S. and Zhou, H., State-of-the-art model to evaluate space headway based on reliability analysis. J. Transp. Eng. ASCE, 2016, 142, 1–9.
- Chandra, R. and Mujumdar, P. P., Quantification of uncertainty in spatial return levels of urban precipitation extremes. J. Hydrol. Eng. ASCE, 2017, 23, 2–14.
- Chepuri, A., Ramakrishnan, J., Arkatkar, S., Joshi, G. and Pulugurtha, S. S., Examining travel time reliability-based performance indicators for bus routes using GPS-based bus trajectory data in India. J. Transp. Eng. Part A, ASCE, 2018, 144(5), 04018012.
- Bari, C., Navandar, Y. and Dhamaniya, A., Service time variation analysis at manually operated toll plazas under mixed traffic conditions in India. J. East Asia Soc. Transp. Stud., 2019, 13, 331–350.
- Indian Roads Congress, Manual of Specifications and Standards for Four Laning of Highways through Public Private Partnership, IRC SP: 84, 2014.
- Teena, N. V., Sanil Kumar, V., Sudheesh, K. and Sajeev, R., Statistical analysis on extreme wave height. Nat. Hazards, 2012, 64, 223–236.
- Friederichs, P. and Thorarinsdottir, T. L., Forecast verification for extreme value distributions with an application to probabilistic peak wind prediction. Environmetrics, 2012, 23, 579–594.
- An analytical hierarchy process-based assessment of factors affecting service performance of tollbooth operators
Abstract Views :159 |
PDF Views:99
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, India, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, India, IN
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, India, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, India, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 122, No 11 (2022), Pagination: 1327-1341Abstract
The efficiency of manual toll transactions is highly dependent upon the service performance of tollbooth operators. The latter is a multi-attribute decision making (MADM) problem, as the performance of the tollbooth operators is influenced by various criteria such as traffic operation, tollbooth ergonomics, etc. The present study has used the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), a MADM method, to evaluate the criteria affecting the service performance of tollbooth operators. The identified criteria are further ranked based on their significance so that the concessionaire as a decision-maker may identify the most important criteria and take appropriate decisions to improve the service performance of tollbooth operators. Based on the available literature, the criteria affecting the service performance of tollbooth operators included service time, their capability in terms of service training, shift timings and personal safety. A structured AHP questionnaire was prepared for developing the relative importance matrix from the perception of the tollbooth operator. The weights were obtained from the AHP relative importance matrix and used for setting the priorities. The results show that the operator’s capability as a criterion and training given to tollbooth operators as a sub-criterion have the highest priorities with weights of 0.51 and 0.214 respectively (global weight). Finally, sensitivity analysis was performed to check the effect of change in weights of criteria on the service performance of tollbooth operators. Thus, the output could be used by the concessionaire to meet the requirements of the tollbooth operators for enhancing their service performance in order to improve the service level of toll plazas.Keywords
Analytical Hierarchy Process, Multi-attribute Decision-making, Service Performance, Tollbooth Operators, WeightsFull Text
References
- Navandar, Y. V., Bari, C. S., Dhamaniya, A., Arkatkar, S. and Patel, D. A., Investigation on the determinants of service headway variability at tollbooths under mixed traffic scenario in emerging countries. Curr. Sci., 2021, 121(1), 148–160.
- Bari, C., Chandra, S., Dhamaniya, A. and Navandar, Y., Novel approach for design of merging and diverging length at toll plazas: a case study. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, 2022, 2676(3), 17–37.
- National Highway Fee (Determination Rates Collect. Rules, The Gazette of India. Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways, Government of India, 2008, pp. 1–28.
- Chauhan, R., Dhamaniya, A. and Arkatkar, S., Driving behaviour at signalized intersections operating under disordered traffic conditions. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, 2021, 2675(1), 1356–1378.
- Navandar, Y. V., Dhamaniya, A., Patel, D. A. and Chandra, S., Traffic flow analysis at manual tollbooth operation under mixed traffic conditions. J. Transp. Eng. Part A, 2019, 145, 1–17.
- Times of India, Most state highways yet to go for payments through FASTags; 2021, pp. 1–2; https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/most-state-highways-yet-to-go-forpayments-through-fastags/articleshow/81101549.cms (accessed on 5 August 2021).
- Bari, C., Navandar, Y. and Dhamaniya, A., Service time variation analysis at manually operated toll plazas under mixed traffic conditions in India. J. East. Asia Soc. Transp. Stud., 2019, 13, 331–350.
- https://www.tolls.eu/germany (accessed on 15 June 2020).
- https://www.tolls.eu/united-kingdom and https://www.m6toll.co.uk/pricing/#pricing-guides (accessed on 16 June 2020).
- Bari, C. S., Kumawat, A. and Dhamaniya, A., Effectiveness of FASTag system for toll payment in India. In 7th International IEEE Conference Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems, 16–17 June 2021, pp. 1–6.
- Jose, R. and Mitra, S., Identifying and classifying highway bottlenecks based on spatial and temporal variation of speed. J. Transp. Eng. Part A Syst., 2018, 144, 1–12.
- Bari, C. S., Navandar, Y. V. and Dhamaniya, A., Delay modelling at the manually operated toll plazas under mixed traffic conditions. Int. J. Transp. Sci. Technol., 2022, 11, 17–31.
- Vroom, V. H., Work and Motivation, Wiley, New York, USA, 1994.
- Armstrong, M. and Stephen, T., Armstrong’s Handbook of Human Management Practice, Kogan Page, London, UK, 2010, 13th edn.
- Mittal, K. C., Goel, A. K. and Mohindru, P., Performance evaluation of employees using analytical hierarchical process: a case study of Indian IT industry. Asia-Pac. Bus. Rev., 2009, V, 119–127.
- Lidinska, L. and Jablonsky, J., AHP model for performance evaluation of employees in a Czech management consulting company. Cent. Eur. J. Oper. Res., 2018, 26, 239–258.
- Anderson, C., The advantages of employee involvement in decision making. Chron, 2019, 1–7; https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-employee-involvement-decision-making (accessed on 10 December 2020).
- Islam, M. R. R. and Shuib, Employee performance evaluation by AHP: a case study. In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process Multi-criteria Decision Making, 2005, p. 16.
- Ijeoma, C. and Mbah, J. C., Employee participation in decision making and its impact on organizational performance: evidence from Government Owned Enterprises, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. SSRN Electron. J., 2020, 1–18.
- Rao, V. R., Decision Making in the Manufacturing Environment Using Graph Theory and Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making Methods, Springer, London, 2006, vol. 2, pp. 1–373.
- Zhou, J. and Zhu, C. Y., Compensatory analysis and optimization for MADM for heterogeneous wireless network selection. J. Electr. Comput. Eng., 2016, 2016, 1–10.
- Ziemba, P., Towards strong sustainability management – a generalized PROSA method. Sustain, 2019, 11.
- Ai, L., Liu, S., Ma, L. and Huang, K., A multi-attribute decision making method based on combination of subjective and objective weighting. In 5th International Conference on Control, Automation and Robotics (ICCAR), Beijing, China, 19–22 2019, pp. 576–580.
- Saaty, T. L., Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process. Int. J. Serv. Sci., 2008, 1, 83–98.
- Saaty, R. W., The analytic hierarchy process – what it is and how it is used. Mathi Model., 1987, 9, 161–176.
- Arroyo, P., Tommelein, I. D. and Ballard, G., Comparing AHP and CBA as decision methods to resolve the choosing problem in detailed design. J. Constr. Eng. Manage. ASCE, 2015, 141, 1–8.
- Nassereddine, M. and Eskandari, H., An integrated MCDM approach to evaluate public transportation systems in Tehran. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract., 2017, 106, 427–439.
- Oses, U., Rojí, E., Cuadrado, J. and Larrauri, M., Multiple-criteria decision-making tool for local governments to evaluate the global and local sustainability of transportation systems in urban areas: case study. J. Urban Plan. Dev., 2018, 144, 1–17.
- Darani, S. K., Eslami, A. A., Jabbari, M. and Asefi, H., Parking lot site selection using a fuzzy AHP–TOPSIS framework in Tuyserkan, Iran. J. Urban Plan. Dev., 2018, 144, 1–10.
- Singh, M., Baranwal, G. and Tripathi, A. K., QoS – aware selection of IoT-based service. Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 2020, 45 10033–10050.
- Li, H., Zhu, X. and Huo, Y., Uncertain type of AHP method in layout of expressway service areas. In International Conference on Transportation Engineering, 2009, pp. 747–752.
- Velasquez, M. and Hester, P. T., An analysis of multi-criteria decision-making methods. Int. J. Oper. Res., 2013, 10, 56–66.
- Wakchaure, S. S. and Jha, K. N., Determination of bridge health index using analytical hierarchy process. Constr. Manage. Econ., 2012, 30, 133–149.
- Olson, D. L., The analytic hierarchy process. In Decision Aids for Selection Problems, Springer Series in Operations Research. Springer, New York, USA, 2011, pp. 49–68.
- de Oliveira, M. L. and Cybis, H. B. B., An artificial neural network model for evaluating workers’ performance at tollbooths. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, 2003, pp. 310–344.
- Sehgal, M., Suresh, R., Sharma, V. P. and Gautam, S. K., Assessment of outdoor workers’ exposure to air pollution in Delhi (India). Int. J. Environ. Stud., 2015, 72, 99–116.
- Sharma, N. C., TERI says pollution at toll plazas putting workers. India Today, New Delhi, 25 July 2015.
- Venigalla, M. and Krimmer, M., Impact of electronic toll collection and electronic screening on heavy – duty vehicle emissions. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, Washington DC, 2006, 1987, 11–20.
- Bari, C. S., Navandar, Y. V. and Dhamaniya, A., Vehicular emission modeling at toll plaza using performance box data. J. Hazar., Toxic Radioact. Waste, 2020, 24, 1–19.
- Patel, D. A., Lad, V. H., Chauhan, K. A. and Patel, K. A., Development of bridge resilience index using multicriteria decisionmaking techniques. J. Bridge. Eng., 2020, 25, 1–14.
- Edie, L. C., Traffic delay at toll booths. J. Oper. Res. Soc. Am., 1954, 2, 107–138.
- Lin, F.-B. and Su, C.-W., Level of service analysis of toll plazas on freeway main lines. J. Transp. Eng., 1994, 120, 246–263.
- Bari, C. S., Chandra, S., Dhamaniya, A., Arkatkar, S. and Navandar, Y. V, Service time variability at manual operated tollbooths under mixed traffic environment: towards level-of-service thresholds. Transp. Policy, 2021, 106, 11–24.
- Navandar, Y. V., Dhamaniya, A. and Patel, D. A., Service time prediction models for manual toll booth operation under mixed traffic conditions. Eur. Transp./Trasporti Europei, 2018, 1–21.
- Strauss, P. and Orris, P., A health survey of toll booth workers. Am. J. Ind. Med., 1992, 22, 379–384.
- Torraco, R. J., Exogenous and endogenous variables in decision making and the implications for HRD research and practice. Adv. Dev. Hum. Resour., 2003, 5, 423–439.
- Cheng, X., Cao, Y., Huang, K. and Wang, Y., Modeling the satisfaction of bus traffic transfer service quality at a high-speed railway station. J. Adv. Transp., 2018, 2018, 1–12.
- Medina, A. M. F. and Tarko, A. P., Modeling the endogenous relationship between driver behavior and highway safety. In 85th Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, USA, 2006, pp. 1–18.
- Rephlo, J., Carter, M., Robinson, M., Katz, B. and Philmus, K., Toll facilities workplace safety study report to congress. US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2010.
- Vyas, G. S., Jha, K. N. and Patel, D. A., Development of green building rating system using AHP and fuzzy integrals: a case of India. J. Archit. Eng., 2019, 25, 1–12.
- Nurdiana, A., Wibowo, M. A. and Hatmoko, J. U. D., Sensitivity analysis of risk from stakeholders’ perception – case study: Semarang–Solo highway project section i (Tembalang–Gedawang). Procedia Eng., 2015, 125, 12–17.
- Kulkarni, R., 90% of toll collection now FASTag enabled; 60 lakh transactions/day sets new record. 2021, pp. 1–3; https://trak.intags/business/2021/02/19/90-of-toll-collection-now-fastag-enabled60-lakh-transactions-day-sets-new-record/
- Kumar, A., Highways sans toll plazas. 2021, pp. 1–4; https:// www.businesstoday.in/magazine/technology/story/highways-sanstoll-plazas-297645-2021-06-09 (accessed on 13 August 2021).
- Press Information Bureau (PIB) Delhi, National Highways Authority of India takes steps to ensure waiting time should not be more than 10 seconds per vehicle at toll plazas. 2021, p. 1; https:// pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1721963 (accessed on 27 June 2021).
- https://www.tolls.eu/italy (accessed on 15 June 2020).
- https://www.tolls.eu/spain (accessed on 16 June 2020).
- Asian Development Bank, Multi-lane free flow electronic toll collection. South Asia Subregional Econ. Coop. Port Access Elev. Highw. Proj., 2018, pp. 1–3.
- Kheawubon, C., Usapein, P. and Khedari, J., Impact of electronic toll collection system on energy saving and CO2 emission: a case study of passenger cars in Thailand. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res., 2018, 8, 1840–1848.
- Lu, H. and Zhang, Y., Current state and development of motorway toll collection system in China. Proc. East. Asia Soc. Transp. Stud., 2009, 7, 1–10.
- Xing, L., He, J., Abdel-Aty, M., Cai, Q., Li, Y. and Zheng, O., Examining traffic conflicts of upstream toll plaza area using vehicles’ trajectory data. Accid. Anal. Prev., 2019, 125, 174–187.
- MnDOT, Minnesota tolling study report modern tolling practices and policy considerations. Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2018, pp. 1–106.
- Tri State Transportation Campaign, Road Pricing in London, Stockholm and Singapore – A way Forward for New York City, 2017, pp. 1–20.
- Indian Roads Congress, Manual of Specifications and Standards for Four Lanning of Highways (Second Revision), SP: 84, 2019, pp. 1–219.
- Ziemba, P., Inter-criteria dependencies-based decision support in the sustainable wind energy management. Energies, MDPI, 2019, 12, 1–29.
- Gan, A., Alluri, P., Raihan, M. A., Liu, K., Saha, D. and Jung, R., Automated system to prioritize highway improvement locations and to analyze project alternatives. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, 2017, 2654, 65–75.
- Patel, M. R., Vashi, M. P. and Bhatt, B. V., SMART-multi-criteria decision-making technique for use in planning activities. In New Horizons in Civil Engineering (NHCE 2017), Surat, Gujarat, India, 25–26 March 2017, pp. 1–6.
- Guitouni, A. and Martel, J. M., Tentative guidelines to help choosing an appropriate MCDA method. Eur. J. Oper. Res., 1998, 109, 501–521.
- Navandar, Y. V., Bari, C. and Gaikwad, P. G., Failure factors – a comparative study of private and government construction firms. Eng. Constr. Archit. Manage., 2021, 1–19.
- Hosseinzadeh, M., Hama, H. K., Ghafour, M. Y., Masdari, M., Ahmed, O. H. and Khezri, H., Service selection using multicriteria decision making: a comprehensive overview J. Netw. Syst. Manage., 2020, 28, 1639–1693.
- Yu, J., Wang, L. and Gong, X., Study on the status evaluation of urban road intersections traffic congestion based on AHP-TOPSIS model. Procedia – Soc. Behav. Sci., 2013, 96, 609–616.
- Fei, L., Xia, J., Feng, Y. and Liu, L., An ELECTRE-based multiple criteria decision making method for supplier selection using Dempster-Shafer theory. IEEE Access, 2019, 7, 84701–84716.
- Sabaei, D., Erkoyuncu, J. and Roy, R., A review of multi-criteria decision making methods for enhanced maintenance delivery. Procedia CIRP, 2015, 37, 30–35.
- Sinuany-Stern, Z., Mehrez, A. and Hadad, Y., An AHP/DEA methodology for ranking decision making units. Int. Trans. Oper. Res., 2000, 7, 109–124.
- He, P. and Hua, Z., Compensation analysis with additive DEA model. Kybernetes, Emerald, 2008, 37, 1331–1338.
- Ahmad, N., Berg, D. and Simons, G. R., The integration of analytical hierarchy process and data envelopment analysis in a multicriteria decision-making problem. Int. J. Inf. Technol. Decis. Mak., 2006, 5, 263–276.
- Stević, Ž., Durmić, E., Gajić, M., Pamučar, D. and Puška, A., A novel multi-criteria decision-making model: interval rough SAW method for sustainable supplier selection. Information, MDPI, 2019, 10, 1–21.
- Senyigit, E. and Demirel, B., The selection of material in dental implant with entropy based simple additive weighting and analytic hierarchy process methods. Sigma J. Eng. Nat. Sci. Muhendis. Ve Fen Bilim. Derg., 2018, 36, 731–740.
- Holguín-Veras, J., Comparative assessment of AHP and MAV in highway planning: case study. J. Transp. Eng., 1995, 121, 191–200.
- Habtamu, L. A., Zhao, P. and Ren, J., Track selection for light rail transit (LRT) projects by applying analytic hierarchy process (AHP) decision-making method – case study: evaluation of Addis Ababa Light Rail Transit (AALRT) project’s track selection. In ICTE – Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Transportation Engineering, Chengdu, China, 19–20 October 2013, pp. 634–649.
- Sayyadi, G. and Awasthi, A., AHP-based approach for location planning of pedestrian zones: application in Montréal, Canada. J. Transp. Eng., 2013, 139, 239–246.
- He, H., Li, Y. and Zhang, Z., Scheme optimization of large-scale highway transport based on AHP – grey correlation degree. J. Highw. Transponation Res. Dev., 2016, 10, 98–102.
- Mousavi, M. S., Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, R., Heydar, M. and Ebrahimnejad, S., Multi-criteria decision making for plant location selection: an integrated Delphi–AHP–PROMETHEE methodology. Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 2013, 38, 1255–1268.
- Klodzinski, J. and Al-Deek, H. M., New methodology for defining level of service at toll plazas. J. Transp. Eng., 2002, 128, 173–181.
- Robinson, M. and Van Aerde, M., Examining the delay and environmental impacts of toll plaza characteristics. In Vehicle Navigation and Information System Conference (VNIS), Seattle, Washington, USA, 1995, pp. 259–266.
- Bari, C. S., Gupta, U., Chandra, S., Antoniou, C. and Dhamaniya, A., Examining effect of electronic toll collection (ETC) system on queue delay using microsimulation approach at toll plaza – a case study of Ghoti Toll Plaza, India. Present. 7th International IEEE Conference Modelling Technology Intell. Transp. Syst., 16–17 June 2021, pp. 1–6.
- Woo, H. T. and Hoel, L. A., Toll plaza capacity and level of service. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, Washington, DC, 1991, 1320, 119–127.
- Al-Deek, H. M., Mohamed, A. A. and Radwan, A. E., Operational benefits of electronic toll collection: case study. J. Transp. Eng., 1997, 123, 467–477.
- Traffic operations at mainline toll plazas
Abstract Views :163 |
PDF Views:92
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, SVNIT Surat, Surat 395 007, India
2 Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, India
3 Department of Civil Engineering, NIT, Calicut 673 601, India
1 Department of Civil Engineering, SVNIT Surat, Surat 395 007, India
2 Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, India
3 Department of Civil Engineering, NIT, Calicut 673 601, India
Source
Current Science, Vol 123, No 6 (2022), Pagination: 754-766Abstract
Most projects across the world are built under the public–private partnership (PPP) module. In the high-way sector, the highway projects are built by the con-cessioner, and in lieu of that, he generates revenue by collecting tolls from road users. The toll plazas built across the highways to collect tolls act as a bottleneck in highway facilities. Although the toll collection sys-tem has been improved worldwide, users are still expe-riencing an enormous delay at toll plazas due to congestion, especially in developing countries like India. This congestion is caused due to various factors such as long service time, an inadequate number of windows, traffic volume, categories of toll rates, etc., which lead to delay, degradation of capacity, and level of service. Different researchers in their countries have analysed all these factors. The present article gives a detailed literature review summarizing various studies on the different parameters related to toll plazas and proposes research gaps from the perspective of developing coun-tries. The challenges and methodology for evaluating various parameters are also discussed, and a way for-ward for future research is suggested.Keywords
Capacity, level of service, mixed traffic, toll collection, toll plaza.Full Text
References
- Bari, C., Navandar, Y. and Dhamaniya, A., Service time variation analysis at manually operated toll plazas under mixed traffic condi-tions in India. J. East. Asia Soc. Transp. Stud., 2019, 13, 331–350.
- Bodas, T., Ganesh, A. and Manjunath, D., Pigouvian tolls and wel-fare optimality with parallel servers and heterogeneous customers. J. Indian Inst. Sci., 2021, 101(3), 1–12.
- Bari, C. S., Chandra, S., Dhamaniya, A., Arkatkar, S. and Navandar, Y. V., Service time variability at manual operated tollbooths under mixed traffic environment: towards level-of service thresholds. Transp. Policy, 2021, 106, 11–24.
- Indian Roads Congress (IRC): SP: 84, Manual of Specifications and Standards for Four Lanning of Highways (Second Revision), 2019, pp. 1–219.
- Indo-HCM, Indian Highway Capacity Manual (Indo-HCM), CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, 2017.
- IRC-65, Recommendation practice for traffic rotaries. Indian Road Congress, New Delhi, 1976.
- HCM, Highway capacity manual. Transp. Res. Board, Natl. Res. Counc., Washington, DC, 2010, pp. 1–1207.
- Woo, H. T. and Hoel, L. A., Toll plaza capacity and level of service. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, Washington, DC, 1991, 1320, 119–127.
- Navandar, Y. V., Dhamaniya, A. and Patel, D. A., A quick method for estimation of level of service at manually operated tollbooths under mixed traffic conditions. Transp. Res. Procedia, 2020, 48, 3107–3120.
- Navandar, Y. V., Bari, C., Dhamaniya, A. and Patel, D. A., Analy-sis of level of service for manually operated tollbooths under mixed traffic scenario. J. East. Asia Soc. Transp. Stud., 2019, 13, 1648–1663.
- Klodzinski, J., Al-deek, H. M. and Asce, M., New methodology for defining level of service at toll plazas. J. Transp. Eng., 2002, 128, 173–181.
- Russo, C., Harb, R. and Radwan, E., Calibration and verification of SHAKER, a deterministic toll plaza simulation model. J. Transp. Eng. ASCE, 2010, 136, 85–92.
- Navandar, Y. V., Bari, C. S., Dhamaniya, A., Arkatkar, S. and Patel, D. A., Investigation on the determinants of service headway varia-bility at tollbooths under mixed traffic scenario in emerging coun-tries. Curr. Sci., 2021, 121, 148–160.
- Deshmukh, M., Navandar, Y. V. and Dhamaniya, A., Statistical distribution analysis of clearance time at manually operated toll plazas under mixed traffic conditions. Proc. East. Asia Soc. Transp. Stud., 2019, 12, 1–19.
- Lin, F. B. and Lin, M. W., Modeling traffic delays at northern New York border crossings. J. Transp. Eng. ASCE, 2001, 127, 540–545.
- Busam, A. K., Optimization of Waiting Time at Toll Plazas, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 2005.
- Kitchenham, B., Procedures for Performing Systematic Reviews, Joint Technical Report, 2004, pp. 1–28.
- Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J. and Altman, D. G., Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ, 2009, 339, 332–336.
- Liberati, A. et al., The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare inter-ventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ, 2009, 339, 1–27.
- Page, M. J. et al., The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guide-line for reporting systematic reviews. Syst. Rev., 2021, 88, 1–11.
- VOSviewer – Visualizing scientific landscapes; https://www.vos- viewer.com/ (accessed on 1 August 2022).
- Edie, L. C., Traffic delay at toll booths. J. Oper. Res. Soc. Am., 1954, 2, 107–138.
- Schaufler, A. E., National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 240 – Toll Plaza Design. Transportation Re-search Board, Washington, DC, 1997, pp. 1–113.
- Zarrillo, M. L., Capacity calculation for two toll facilities: two ex-periences in ETC implementation. In 79th Annual Meeting Trans-portation Research Board, 2000, pp. 1–11.
- Aycin, M. F., A simple methodology for evaluating toll plaza oper-ations. In 85th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, 2006, pp. 1–25.
- Li, Y., The analysis of highway toll station ETC lane capacity. ICTE, 2013, 966–972.
- Indian Roads Congress (IRC) SP: 84, Manual of Specifications and Standards for Four Lanning of Highways through Public Private Partnership, IRC, New Delhi, 2014.
- Navandar, Y. V., Dhamaniya, A., Patel, D. A. and Chandra, S., Traffic flow analysis at manual tollbooth operation under mixed traffic conditions. J. Transp. Eng. Part A Syst. ASCE, 2019, 145, 1–17.
- Bari, C. S., Kumawat, A. and Dhamaniya, A., Effectiveness of FASTag system for toll payment in India. Present. In 7th Interna-tional IEEE Conference on Models and Technology for Intelligent Transportation System, 16–17 June 2021, pp. 1–6.
- Liu, X., Yun, M. and Yang, X., Lane Capacity Estimation and Level of Service Evaluation for Freeway Toll Plazas based on Transac-tion data. In 97th TRB Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2018, pp. 1–8.
- Lin, F.-B. and Su, C.-W., Level of service analysis of toll plazas on freeway main lines. J. Transp. Eng., 1994, 120, 246–263.
- Gulewicz, V. and Danko, J., Simulation-based approach to evaluat-ing optimal lane staffing requirements for toll plazas. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, 1995, 1484, 33–39.
- Obelheiro, M. R., Cybis, H. B. B. and Ribeiro, J. L. D., Level of service method for Brazilian Toll Plazas. Procedia – Soc. Behav. Sci., 2011, 16, 120–130.
- Klodzinski, J. and Al-Deek, H. M., New methodology for defining level of service at toll plazas. J. Transp. Eng., 2002, 128, 173– 181.
- Chakroborty, P., Gill, R. and Chakraborty, P., Analysing queueing at toll plazas using a coupled, multiple-queue, queueing system model: application to toll plaza design. Transp. Plan. Technol. Tay-lors Fr., 2016, 1060, 18.
- Osborne, R. P., Implementing Toll Plaza Analysis into Freeplan, University of Florida, Gainesville, 2012.
- Jun-Long, C., Research on method for determining ETC channel capa-city and service level. J. Highw. Transp. Res. Dev. ASCE, 2015, 9, 90–95.
- Navandar, Y. V., Singh, M., Dhamaniya, A. and Patel, D. A., Em-pirical analysis of level of service at toll plaza by using ordered probit model. Transp. Lett., 2019, 12(10), 692–700.
- HCM, Highway capacity manual: a guide for multimodal mobility analysis. Transportation Research Board, National Research Coun-cil, Washington DC, 2016.
- Highway Capacity Manual for Taiwan Area Inst. Transp. Minist. Transp. Commun., Taipei, Taiwan, 1988.
- Benekohal, R. F. and Zhao, W., Delay-based passenger car equiva-lents for trucks at signalized intersections. Transp. Res. Part A, 2000, 34, 437–457.
- Abou-Senna, H., Congestion pricing strategies to investigate the potential of route diversion on toll facilities using en-route guid-ance. J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (English Ed.), 2016, 3, 59–70.
- Gruyer, D., Orfila, O., Glaser, S., Hedhli, A. and Alonso, F., Are connected and automated vehicles the silver bullet for future trans-portation challenges? benefits and weaknesses on safety, consump-tion, and traffic congestion. Front. Sustain. Cities, 2021, 2, 1–24.
- Shelton, J., Wagner, J., Samant, S., Goodin, G., Lomax, T. and Seymour, E., Impacts of connected vehicles in a complex, congest-ed urban freeway setting using multi-resolution modeling methods. Int. J. Transp. Sci. Technol., 2019, 8, 25–34.
- Morita, T. and Managi, S., Autonomous vehicles: willingness to pay and the social dilemma. Transp. Res. Part C, 2020, 119, 102748.
- Wang, J., Lu, L., Peeta, S. and He, Z., Optimal toll design pro-blems under mixed traffic flow of human-driven vehicles and con-nected and autonomous vehicles. Transp. Res. Part C, 2021, 125, 102952.
- Wu, W., Zhang, F., Liu, W. and Lodewijks, G., Modelling the traf-fic in a mixed network with autonomous-driving expressways and non-autonomous local streets. Transp. Res. Part E, Logist. Transp. Rev., 2020, 134, 101855.
- Yu, B. and Mwaba, D., Toll plaza lane choice and lane configura-tion strategy for autonomous vehicles in mixed traffic. J. Transp. Eng. Part A, Syst. ASCE, 2020, 146, 1–11.
- Al-Deek, H. M., Radwan, A. E., Mohammed, A. A. and Klodzinski, J. G., Evaluating the improvements in traffic operations at a real-life toll plaza with electronic toll collection. ITS J. – Intell. Transp. Syst., 1996, 3, 37–41.
- Polus, A. and Reshetnik, I., A new concept and a manual for toll plaza planning. Can. J. Civ. Eng., 1997, 24, 532–538.
- Al-Deek, H. M., Mohamed, A. A., and Radwan, A. E., Operational benefits of electronic toll collection: case study. J. Transp. Eng., 1997, 123, 467–477.
- Polus, A., Methodology and simulation for toll plaza analysis. Road Transp. Res., 1996, 5, 44–68.
- Boronico, J. S. and Siegel, P. H., Capacity planning for toll road-ways incorporating consumer wait time costs. Transp. Res. Part A, 1998, 32, 297–310.
- McDonald, D. R. and Stammer, R. E., Contribution to the develop-ment of guidelines for toll plaza design. J. Transp. Eng. ASCE, 2001, 127, 215–222.
- Astarita, V., Florian, M. and Musolino, G., A microscopic traffic simulation model for the evaluation of toll station systems. In IEEE Conference on Intelligence Transportation Systems, Proceedings, ITSC, 2001, 692–697.
- Perry, R. F. and Gupta, S. M., Response surface methodology ap-plied to toll plaza design for the transition to electronic toll collec-tion. Int. Trans. Oper. Res., 2001, 8, 707–726.
- Al-Deek, H. M., Analyzing performance of ETC plazas using new computer software. J. Comput. Civ. Eng., 2001, 15, 309–319.
- Lin, F., Delay model for planning analysis of main-line toll plazas. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, Washington, DC, 2001, 1776, 69–74.
- Klodzinski, J. and Al-Deek, H. M., Transferability of a stochastic toll plaza computer model. Transp. Res. Rec., 2002, 1811(1), 40–49.
- Zarrillo, M. L., Radwan, A. E. and Dowd, J. H., Toll network capa-city calculator operations management and assessment tool for toll network operators. Transp. Res. Rec., 2002, 1781, 49–55.
- Al-Deek, H. M., Mohamed, A. A. and Malone, L., A new stochas-tic discrete-event micro simulation model for evaluating traffic ope-rations at electronic toll collection plazas. J. Intell. Transp. Syst. Technol. Planning, Oper., 2005, 9, 205–219.
- Upchurch, J., Service times and capacity at National Park entrance stations. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, 2006, 1981, 160–170.
- Zarrillo, M. L. and Radwan, E. A., Methodology SHAKER and the capacity analysis of five toll plazas. J. Transp. Eng., 2009, 135, 83–93.
- Kim, S., The toll plaza optimization problem: design, operations, and strategies. Transp. Res. Part E, 2009, 45, 125–137.
- Shitama, T., Horiguchi, R., Akahane, H. and Xing, J., Traffic simu-lation for expressway toll plaza based on successive vehicle track-ing data. In Transport Simulation: Beyond Traditional Approaches, 2009, chapter 11, pp. 1–28.
- Kim, B. J., Conceptualization of traffic flow for designing toll plaza configuration: a case study using simulation with estimated traffic volume. Int. J. Ind. Eng., 2011, 18, 51–57.
- Gugol, L. M., Izawa, T. and Gueta, G., Evaluation of Philippines’ electronic toll collection system for North Luzon Expressway. J. East. Asia Soc. Transp. Stud., 2013, 10, 1701–1719.
- Bains, M. S., Arkatkar, S. S., Anbumani, K. S. and Subramaniam, S., Optimizing and modeling toll way operations using microsimu-lation case study, Sanand Toll Plaza, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, 2017, 2615, 43–54.
- Chang, J., Lai, K. and Wang, B., The design model of freeway toll collection. In Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Distrib. Comput. Appl. to Business, Eng. Sci. DCABES 2017, 2017, 2018-Septe, pp. 195–198.
- Zhang, C., He, J., Wu, J., Zhang, H., Liu, Z. and Xing, L., The analysis of ETC lane allocation in a toll collection station based on micro traffic simulation. In APCIM ICTTE 2018 Proc. Asia-Pacific Conf. Intell. Med. 2018 Int. Conf. Transp. Traffic Eng., 2018, pp. 161–166.
- Talavirya, A. and Laskin, M., Using of discrete-event modeling in throughput capacity analysis of a toll plaza at the exit of the inter-urban toll road. In 32nd European Modeling and Simulation Sym-posium, EMSS 2020, 2020, pp. 227–234.
- Inacio, P. P. A., Leal, F. and Lima, J. P., Evaluation of the service level of a highway toll plaza in Brazil using computational simula-tion. In 97th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 1 January to 8 January 2018.
- Navandar, Y. V., Dhamaniya, A. and Patel, D. A., Empirical analy-sis of level of service based on users perception at manual tollbooth operation in India. Transp. Res. Procedia, 2019, 37, 314–321.
- Zhong, L., Zhou, Y. and Wu, K., Analysis of level of service of toll lane allocation of Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao bridge. CICTP Safe, Smart, Sustain. Multimodal Transp. Syst., 2014, 1863–1870.
- Poon, N. and Dia, H., Evaluation of toll collection performance using traffic simulation. In 27th Conference of Australian Institutes of Transport Research (CAITR 2005), Brisbane, 7–9 December 2005, pp. 1–20.
- Van-Dijk, N. M. V., Hermans, M. D., Teunisse, M. J. G. and Schuurman, H., Designing the westerscheldetunnel toll plaza using a combination of queueing and simulation. In Proceedings of the 1999 Winter Simulation Conference, 1999, pp. 1272–1279.
- Pursula, M., Simulation of traffic systems – an overview. J. Geogr. Inf. Decis. Anal., 1999, 3, 1–8.
- Kim, C., Kim, D. K., Kho, S. Y., Kang, S. and Chung, K., Dynamically determining the toll plaza capacity by monitoring approaching traffic conditions in real-time. Appl. Sci., 2016, 6.
- Transport-Scotland, Road Geometry-Highway Features. In Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Department for Regional Develop-ment, Northern Ireland, 2008.
- Grabau, S. and Hewapathirana, I., Simulation analysis of an expressway toll plaza. Proc. – Int. Res. Conf. Smart Comput. Syst. Eng. SCSE 2021, 2021, 4, 223–229.
- Levinson, D. and Chang, E., A model for optimizing electronic toll collection systems. Transp. Res. Part A, 2003, 37, 293–314.
- Pedestrian safety analysis at urban midblock section under mixed traffic conditions using time to collision as surrogate safety measure
Abstract Views :166 |
PDF Views:78
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Dr S.&S.S. Ghandhy Government Engineering College, Surat 395 001, India, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, India, IN
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Dr S.&S.S. Ghandhy Government Engineering College, Surat 395 001, India, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, India, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 123, No 9 (2022), Pagination: 1117-1128Abstract
Pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users, and pedestrian safety has become a major concern among researchers in recent years due to the increasing number of road fatalities. Conflict analysis using surrogate safety measures (SSMs) helps study pedestrian safety, as there are several limitations with collision data. Moreover, it is a cost-effective technique compared to historical crash data analysis. The present study analyses pedestrian safety at urban midblock crosswalks using time-to-collision (TTC) as SSM. The data for the present study were collected from four different midblock pedestrian crossing locations in different cities in the western part of India using the videographic technique. The trajectory of pedestrians and vehicles was extracted for micro-level analysis of pedestrian–vehicle interactions. The trajectory data were further used to calculate TTC at regular time intervals during the interaction of pedestrians and vehicles. Two different types of pedestrian road crossing behaviour, viz. vehicle pass first and pedestrian pass first were identified, and TTC analysis was carried out differently for each scenario. The variation of TTC based on gender and vehicle category was analysed to evaluate the influence of such parameters on pedestrian safety. The generalized linear mixed model approach was used to develop linear regression models for TTC based on empirical data. The threshold values for TTC were used to define various safety levels of pedestrians using a clustering approachKeywords
Conflict analysis, mixed traffic condition, pedestrian, safety, time to collision, urban midblock.Full Text
References
- Kadali, B. R. and Vedagiri, P., Pedestrian quality of service at unprotected mid-block crosswalk locations under mixed traffic conditions: towards quantitative approach. Transport, 2016, 33(2),302–314.
- WHO, Global status report on road safety. World Health Organiza-tion, Geneva, Switzerland, 2018, pp. 1–424.
- Jain, U. and Rastogi, R., Pedestrian crossing warrants – a review of global practices. Curr. Sci., 2016, 111(6), 1016–1027.
- Mohan, D., Tsimhoni, O., Sivak, M. and Flannagan, M., Road safetyin India: challenges and opportunities. In UMTR1-2009-1, The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2009, pp. 1–57.
- Jiang, X., Wang, W. and Bengler, K., Intercultural analyses of time-to-collision in vehicle–pedestrian conflict on an urban mid-block crosswalk. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., 2015, 16, 1048–1053.
- Cafiso, S., Alfonso, M. and Rojas, R., Crosswalk safety evaluation using a pedestrian risk index as traffic conflict measure. In Third International Conference Road Safety and Simulation, Indianapolis Indiana, United States, 2015, pp. 1–15.
- Zhang, Y., Yao, D., Tony, Z. and Qiu, L. P., Vehicle–pedestrian in-teraction analysis in mixed traffic condition. In International Con-ference on Transportation Information and Safety, Wuhan, China,2011, pp. 552–559.
- Fu, T., Miranda-Moreno, L. and Saunier, N., A novel framework toevaluate pedestrian safety at non-signalized locations. Accid. Anal. Prev., 2018, 111, 23–33.
- Saunier, N., Sayed, T. and Lim, C., Probabilistic collision predic-tion for vision-based automated road safety analysis. IEEE Conf. Intell. Transp. Syst. Proc., 2007, 872–878.
- Ismail, K., Sayed, T., Saunier, N. and Lim, C., Automated analysis of pedestrian–vehicle conflicts using video data. Transp. Res. Rec., 2009, 2140(1), 44–54.
- Hayward, J. C., Near-miss determination through use of a scale of danger. Highway Res. Board, 1972, 24–35.
- Nadimi, N., Ragland, D. R. and Mohammadian Amiri, A., An eval-uation of time-to-collision as a surrogate safety measure and a pro-posal of a new method for its application in safety analysis. Transp. Lett., 2020, 12, 491–500.
- Retting, R., Ferguson, S. and McCartt, A., A review of evidence-based traffic engineering measures designed to reduce pedestrian– motor vehicle crashes. Am. J. Public Health, 2003, 93, 1456–1463.
- Ukkusuri, S., Miranda-Moreno, L. F., Ramadurai, G. and Isa-Tava-rez, J., The role of built environment on pedestrian crash frequency. Saf. Sci., 2012, 50, 1141–1151.
- Zegeer, C. et al., Index for assessing pedestrian safety at intersec-tions. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, 2006, 1982, 76–83.
- Haleem, K., Alluri, P. and Gan, A., Analyzing pedestrian crash injuryseverity at signalized and non-signalized locations. Accid. Anal. Prev., 2015, 81, 14–23.
- Sinha, S. N. and Sengupta, S. K., Road traffic accident fatalities inPort Moresby: a ten-year survey. Accid. Anal. Prev., 1989, 21, 297–301.
- Zegeer, C. V., Stewart, J. R., Huang, H. and Lagerwey, P., Safety effects of marked versus unmarked crosswalks at uncontrolled lo-cations analysis of pedestrian crashes in 30 cities. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, 2001, 1773(1), 56–58.
- Dai, D., Identifying clusters and risk factors of injuries in pedestrian–vehicle crashes in a GIS environment. J. Transp. Geogr., 2012, 24, 206–214.
- Svensson, Å. and Hydén, C., Estimating the severity of safety rela-ted behaviour. Accid. Anal. Prev., 2006, 38, 379–385.
- Lobjois, R. and Cavallo, V., The effects of aging on street-crossingbehavior: from estimation to actual crossing. Accid. Anal. Prev., 2009, 41, 259–267.
- Hannah, C., Spasić, I. and Corcoran, P., A computational model of pedestrian road safety: the long way round is the safe way home. Accid. Anal. Prev., 2018, 121, 347–357.
- Evans, D. and Norman, P., Predicting adolescent pedestrians’ road-crossing intentions: an application and extension of the theory of planned behaviour. Health Educ. Res., 2003, 18, 267–277.
- Holland, C. and Hill, R., The effect of age, gender and driver status on pedestrians’ intentions to cross the road in risky situations. Accid. Anal. Prev., 2007, 39, 224–237.
- Oxley, J., Fildes, B., Ihsen, E., Charlton, J. and Day, R., Differences in traffic judgements between young and old adult pedestrians. Accid. Anal. Prev., 1997, 29, 839–847.
- Wu, J., Radwan, E. and Abou-Senna, H., Assessment of pedestrian-vehicle conflicts with different potential risk factors at midblock crossings based on driving simulator experiment. Adv. Transp. Stud., 2018, 44, 33–46.
- Chrysler, S. T., Ahmad, O. and Schwarz, C. W., Creating pedestriancrash scenarios in a driving simulator environment. Traffic Inj. Prev., 2015, 16, 12–17.
- Kaparias, I. et al., Development and implementation of a vehicle–pedestrian conflict analysis method: adaptation of a vehicle–vehicle technique. Transp. Res. Rec.: J. Transp. Res. Board, 2010, 75–82.
- Zhang, Y., Yao, D., Qiu, T. Z., Peng, L. and Zhang, Y., Pedestrian safety analysis in mixed traffic conditions using video data. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., 2012, 13, 1832–1844.
- Zhang, Y., Yao, D., Qiu, T. Z. and Peng, L., Scene-based pedestriansafety performance model in mixed traffic situation. IET Intell. Transp. Syst., 2014, 8, 209–218.
- Alhajyaseen, W. K. M. and Iryo-Asano, M., Studying critical pede-strian behavioral changes for the safety assessment at signalized crosswalks. Saf. Sci., 2017, 91, 351–360.
- Hagiwara, T., Hamaoka, H., Yaegashi, T., Miki, K., Ohshima, I. and Naito, M., Estimation of time lag between right-turning vehicles and pedestrians approaching from the right side. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, 2008, 2069, 65–76.
- Ismail, K., Sayed, T., Saunier, N. and Lim, C., Automated analysis of pedestrian–vehicle conflicts using video data. Transp. Res. Rec.J. Transp. Res. Board, 2009, 2140, 44–54.
- Ismail, K., Sayed, T. and Saunier, N., Automated analysis of pedes-trian–vehicle conflicts context for before-and-after studies. Transp Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, 2010, 2198, 52–64.
- Zheng, Y., Chase, T., Elefteriadou, L., Schroeder, B. and Sisiopiku, V. P., Modeling vehicle–pedestrian interactions outside of cross-walks. Simul. Model. Pract. Theory, 2015, 59, 89–101.
- Lorion, A. C. and Persaud, B., Investigation of surrogate measuresfor safety assessment of urban two-way stop controlled intersec-tions. Can. J. Civ. Eng., 2015, 42, 987–992.
- Ni, Y., Wang, M., Sun, J. and Li, K., Evaluation of pedestrian safety at intersections: a theoretical framework based on pedestrian–vehicle interaction patterns. Accid. Anal. Prev., 2016, 96, 118–129.
- Chen, P., Zeng, W., Yu, G. and Wang, Y., Surrogate safety analysis of pedestrian–vehicle conflict at intersections using unmanned aerial vehicle videos. J. Adv. Transp., 2017, 2017, 1–12.
- Paul, M. and Ghosh, I., A novel approach of safety assessment at uncontrolled intersections using proximal safety indicators. Euro-pean Transport/Transporti Europei, 2017, pp. 1–14.
- Babu, S. S. and Vedagiri, P., Traffic conflict analysis of unsignalised intersections under mixed traffic conditions. European Transport/ Transporti Europei, 2017, pp. 1–12.
- Chen, Q. and Wang, Y., Cellular automata (CA) simulation of theinteraction of vehicle flows and pedestrian crossings on urban low-grade uncontrolled roads. Phys. A: Stat. Mech. Appl., 2015, 432,43–57.
- Chandrappa, A. K., Bhattacharyya, K. and Maitra, B., Estimation ofpost-encroachment time and threshold wait time for pedestrians on a busy urban corridor in a heterogeneous traffic environment: an expe-rience in Kolkata. Asian Transp. Stud., 2016, 4, 421–429.
- Kadali, B. R. and Vedagiri, P., Proactive pedestrian safety evalua-tion at unprotected mid-block crosswalk locations under mixed traffic conditions. Saf. Sci., 2016, 89, 94–105.
- Chen, P., Wu, C. and Zhu, S., Interaction between vehicles and pe-destrians at uncontrolled mid-block crosswalks. Saf. Sci., 2016, 82,68–76.
- Rankavat, S. and Tiwari, G., Pedestrians risk perception of traffic crash and built environment features – Delhi, India. Saf. Sci., 2016, 87, 1–7.
- Pawar, D. S. and Patil, G. R., Critical gap estimation for pedestrians atuncontrolled mid- block crossings on high-speed arterials. Saf. Sci., 2016, 86, 295–303.
- Chaudhari, A., Shah, J., Arkatkar, S., Joshi, G. and Parida, M., In-vestigating effect of surrounding factors on human behaviour at un-controlled mid-block crosswalks in Indian cities. Saf. Sci., 2019, 119, 174–187.
- Chaudhari, A., Shah, J., Arkatkar, S., Joshi, G. and Parida, M.,Evaluation of pedestrian safety margin at mid-block crosswalks in India. Saf. Sci., 2019, 119, 188–198.
- Chen, Z. and Fan, W. (David), A multinomial logit model of pede-strian–vehicle crash severity in North Carolina. Int. J. Transp. Sci. Technol., 2019, 8, 43–52.
- Danaf, M., Sabri, A., Abou-Zeid, M. and Kaysi, I., Pedestrian–vehi-cular interactions in a mixed street environment. Transp. Lett., 2020, 12, 87–99.
- Golakiya, H. D., Chauhan, R. and Dhamaniya, A., Evaluating safe distance for pedestrians on urban midblock sections using trajectory plots. Eur. Transp. Trasp. Eur., 2020, 2015, 1–17.
- Golakiya, H. D. and Dhamaniya, A., Evaluation of pedestrian safety index at urban mid-block. In Urbanization Challenges in Emerging Economies, American Society of Civil Engineers, New Delhi, India,2018, pp. 676–687.
- Indo-HCM, Indian Highway Capacity Manual, CSRI-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, 2017.
- Golakiya, H. D., Patkar, M. and Dhamaniya, A., Impact of midblockpedestrian crossing on speed characteristics and capacity of urban arterials. Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 2019, 44, 8675–8689.
- Golakiya, H. D. and Dhamaniya, A., Development of pedestrian crossing facility warrants for urban midblock crosswalks based on vehicular delay. Transp. Dev. Econ., 2021, 18, 1–13.
- Golakiya, H. D. and Dhamaniya, A., Reexamining pedestrian cross-ing warrants based on vehicular delay at urban arterial midblock sections under mixed traffic conditions. J. Transp. Eng. Part A, 2021, 147, 1–18.
- Golakiya, H. and Dhamaniya, A., Evaluating LOS at urban midblock section under the influence of crossing pedestrians in mixed traffic conditions. Transp. Res. Procedia, 2020, 48, 777–792.
- Silgu, M. A. and Çelikoğlu, H. B., K-Means clustering method to classify freeway traffic flow patterns. Pamukkale Univ. J. Eng. Sci., 2014, 20, 232–239.
- Celikoglu, H. B., An approach to dynamic classification of traffic flow patterns. Comput. Civ. Infrastruct. Eng., 2013, 28, 273–288.
- Chauhan, R., Dhamaniya, A. and Arkatkar, S., Spatiotemporal vari-ation of rear-end conflicts at signalized intersections under disor-dered traffic conditions. J. Transp. Eng. Part A, 2021, 147, 14.
- Wei, H., Feng, C., Meyer, E. and Lee, J., Video-capture-based ap-proach to extract multiple vehicular trajectory data for traffic mod-eling. J. Transp. Eng., 2005, 131, 496–505.
- Suzuki, K. and Nakamura, H., Traffic analyzer: the integrated video image processing system for traffic flow analysis. J. East. Asia Soc. Transp. Stud., 2011, 9, 1839–1854.
- Dandona, R., Kumar, G. A., Ameer, M. A., Reddy, G. B. and Dan-dona, L., Under-reporting of road traffic injuries to the police: re-sults from two data sources in urban India. Inj. Prev., 2008, 14, 360–365.
- Singh, P., Lakshmi, P. V. M., Prinja, S. and Khanduja, P., Under-reporting of road traffic accidents in traffic police records – a cross sectional study from North India. Int. J. Community Med. Public Health, 2018, 5, 579.